The author gives us here an account of the main world events and their consequences that have taken place over the last 35 years, starting from the year before the fall of the Berlin Wall, and this from his texts written each summer and published in the bible that is the annual work “Ramses”. His writings, structured in chronological order, allow the reader interested in the evolution of the world in terms of macroeconomics to ultimately understand the ever-growing impact of political decisions and actions on the economic evolution of nations, which has a major impact on international relations. The blood ties to the land of the ancestors mean that the political forces at work must build a common future, taking into account a past sometimes more than a century old, to try to move towards a happy end to history, one which Europeans have dreamed of until very recently. Except that the end of the Cold War brought a reconfiguration of the world, notably with the rise of China following its entry into the WTO, not to mention Russia’s return to the forefront after a hiatus of more than a decade. ​At the same time, the American leaders after 9/11 did not always implement the best solutions, excited by their control of the countries producing black gold, and the world in the Middle East continued to be destabilised. This book also helps us understand why states moved from a logic of monetary credibility in the 1980s to a logic of fiscal credibility in the late 1990s and early 2000s. ​After the attacks of September 2001, purely electoral decisions to protect certain strategic American sectors with tariff barriers went against the policy of free trade (a situation that we find ourselves in today under the 47th president of the United States). By retracing most of the events after the Great Recession (2008/2009), the author invites the reader to consider a world that has become multipolar and, moreover, heterogeneous, with profound implications, the most important of which is the search for a minimum of cooperative security with the inescapable reality of international, political and economic competition. ​In fact, the question of the limits of globalisation is now a concrete one. Thierry de MONTBRIAL is an academic, honorary professor at the École Polytechnique and professor emeritus of the CNAM, founder of Ifri, one of the most influential think-tanks in the international community. Review by Claude GEORGELET

The foundations of Western democracies are faltering, and Europe is struggling to react to the surge of protectionist measures from Donald Trump, the threats of war from Russia, and the rise of populism. ​​Protectionism, authoritarianism and force have replaced liberalism, democracy and law. The aim of Nicole Gnesotto’s latest essay is to understand this rupture in the world order and to try to provide answers for a European revival.  ​​ Since 1945, the West has been dominated by the United States. ​​They are the only ones to have the right of veto in all cases within the major international bodies. ​​For more than 60 years, Europe has developed in an environment of growth, openness, globalization and peace. ​​But for the past two decades, the scenario has been quite different. ​​China has joined the WTO, George W. Bush introduced the Patriot Act after the 2001 attacks, Vladimir Putin reigns over Russia, and advances in AI and technology have virtualized trade.  ​​Information is oriented and the press is less and less independent: “The idea of a surveillance capitalism, which would replace industrial capitalism and then financial capitalism, and whose aim would be to shape our thoughts and our personal preferences to make the most of it.” The author draws an interesting parallel between the political hyper-control of the citizens in the Chinese communist regime and an equivalent control of Western citizens by the platforms and algorithms that guide beliefs, positions and desires. In this context, can Europe still count on its American ally to defend its territories and democracy? ​​The Old Continent, still asleep with good post-war resolutions, did not realize the evolution of American society towards more isolationism, and that trade was no longer a factor of peace. So, in June 2025, Europe wakes up and acts to increase its military spending to defend its territories, ​because the great wars may be revived. To explain the rise of populism, the author describes globalization as the main cause linked to massive deindustrialization in Western countries. ​​While globalization has had significant effects on the decline in the global rate of extreme poverty, the fact remains that it has increased inequalities within rich countries, no longer allowing the coveted social elevator; social redistribution is struggling. The picture painted by the author is serious and realistic. ​​The essay is enlightening, pleasant to read and well documented. ​​It invites us to reflect as European citizens on our role in maintaining liberalism in our societies. Nicole GNESOTTO, historian, is vice-president of the Jacques Delors Institute, Professor Emeritus at the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. Sophie FRIOT

The reader may be afraid to tackle an unstructured – even superficial – exchange of views between two personalities from the business world and social partnership. ​Benoit Bazin is the current CEO of Saint Gobain and Laurent Berger is the former Secretary General of the CFDT. ​From the first pages, this initial impression dissipates because the book, which is easy to read, follows a common thread that facilitates reading and forces us to reflect on the causes of French social unrest and the remedies to be applied to allow a smooth transition in a disturbed world requiring great adaptability. ​ From the outset, the colour is announced; successful transitions are made with the staff of the companies, who must perceive opportunities in them. ​To do this, rather than being threatened with job losses, employees must participate, as early as possible, in the evaluation of the expected benefits and the implementation of the necessary organizational changes. ​ ​  The authors insist on the humanist values that support the “passageways” allowing the control of the conflicting slippages that are always present, but which can be mitigated by a permanent dialogue in the company, which must face exacerbated competition and increasingly demanding shareholders. ​ ​  ​Effective communication requires solid strategic thinking at all levels of the company. ​This strategy must be applied to all areas of the company, both operational and functional. ​It is essential, as it supports both performance management and social dialogue, and allows for the sharing of the “meaning” of the company, with everyone having a clear view of their contribution to the overall strategic project. ​ESG objectives are part of the strategic deployment in the same way as financial or commercial objectives. ​ Denis Molho ​

Europe has been experiencing chaotic times for several years, particularly since the rise to power of an American president whose behavior is unpredictable and indecipherable within the traditional framework of global relations. What has become of Europe’s geopolitical influence in recent years? Russia’s outbreak of war against Ukraine has shaken the entire geopolitical landscape. How can Europe respond to the strategic shift of its historical ally, the United States? The author examines Europe’s geographical origins, its specific culture, and its economy. With a global GDP of 15%, the EU attracts international investment: the euro guarantees monetary stability, and the institution’s functioning is designed to be reassuring in order to ensure its security. However, its model, which promotes “unity in diversity,” does not currently allow it to play a leading role on the world stage. Long before the arrival of the American president in the red cap, some of his predecessors had taken very radical positions regarding Europe. One can cite President Washington, who advised Americans in 1796 not to get involved in European affairs. As for Monroe, he expressed a very strong idea: “America for the Americans.” These slogans and powerful ideas resonate with us constantly these days. It’s as if we are in the process of dismantling the UN to create a world divided into spheres of influence. To address this situation, President Macron mentioned, in 2017, a path toward “European strategic autonomy.” But where do we really stand? How can Europe be militarily independent when a large number of its member states are buying American F-35 fighter jets? The answer may lie in building a more integrated and powerful European military industry in the coming decades. In conclusion, the author outlines various hypotheses: his scenarios range from pessimism to a degree of optimism. We will also consider a possible scenario of a European resurgence. Analysts have often observed that Europe manages to overcome its divisions in the face of severe crises. Will it succeed in forging a consensus position to make its voice heard on the world stage and influence the course of history? Guillaume Lagane is a senior civil servant and lecturer at Sciences Po Paris. He is a specialist in defense issues. Renzo BORSATO.

The book bears witness to the many talents of the author, who observes the conscious and unconscious dimensions of public administration. In the first part, the author presents himself as a historian and linguist. He traces the genealogy of the concept of “administration”, initiated by Bonnin in the eighteenth century and inspired by the spirit of Montesquieu’s laws and the practical spirit of Turgot, then enriched by the positivism of Auguste Comte. He recalls with Mirabeau that “administration is both a science and an art”. He redefines the “secular ethics” of the administration, oriented towards the “good of the service”, the author of the rights and duties of the citizen and the initiator of a “disembodied social bond”. He analyses administrative language, marked by a certain “verbal fetishism” and charged with “symbolic violence”. In a second part, the author engages in a psychoanalysis of the public administration, which he considers to be affected by the “Kafkaesque symptom”. He likens the rule to an “administrative superego” and the repetition compulsion of the official to a Freudian “id”. The employee is driven by a passion for regulation and impulses of control. The administrative body therefore has a disciplinary character, which causes the citizen, lost in the “bureaucratic labyrinth”, to feel “social anxiety” and “disturbing strangeness”. He shows that any administrative deregulation – including space-time – causes affects in administrators and the administered. He shows that the “lost file” is a missed act. Through a striking analysis, he transposes the clinical case of “the man with the rat”, analyzed by Freud, to the “administrative body”. In a third part, he becomes a literary critic, recalling the portraits – most often in charge – of administrative customs, which were drawn up by Courteline, Feydeau, Mirbeau, Melville, Gogol, but also Balzac, Flaubert and Camus. The French complain that France is “under-governed and over-administered”. They are calling for a simplification of procedures and a reduction of standards. They will understand by reading this book that it is simple to complicate and difficult to simplify, especially since the civil servant and the citizen are increasingly enslaved to their impulses and to Artificial Intelligence. Paul-Laurent Assoun (ENS Saint Cloud) is a psychoanalyst and university professor. He has written numerous books and articles in the various fields of social sciences. Jean-Jacques Pluchart

Clément Carbonnier traces the history of French labour policy since the post-war period. He argues that there is no economic relationship between the cost of labour and productive employment. He shows the diversity and complexity of the mechanisms implemented to transfer the financing of social protection, limit its cost and ensure wage moderation. He analyses the side effects of these policies, such as the development of private protection, the introduction of social minima and the taxation of wage supplements. These measures have all been inefficient since the French employment rate – especially among young people and senior citizens – is one of the lowest in Europe. These policies have, however, been justified by the prevailing belief that public jobs are unproductive and that only private employment is efficient. The current imbalances are due to an uncontrolled decline in compulsory levies, taxes on companies and income from assets and reductions in contributions on salary supplements and contributions. The revision of these measures would generate a wave of discontent because it would only have long-term effects, which has dissuaded elected officials from reforming. The author is convinced that in the absence of political courage, the French state will be forced to comply with the rules imposed by international institutions and markets. The author therefore tries to show the inextricable nature of the social problem and the inevitability of international economic sanctions in the absence of reform. He reveals the extent of the impasses facing French society and the difficulty of emerging from them through neo-liberal or post-Keynesian policies. Measures to restore fiscal balance, social equality and business competitiveness, are a “squaring of the circle” because they involve structural reforms and a radical revision of the current social regulation mechanisms. The main interest of the book lies in its analysis of the scope and limitations of successive social policies and the reasoning held by neo-liberal and post-Keynesian policymakers to avoid a widening of deficits and an increase in social debt. Clément Carbonnier is a Professor of economics at the University of Paris I and the author of numerous books. Jean-Jacques Pluchart

In this latest opus, the authors, who are not at their first book together, look at some long-term proposals to reinvent a social model for France and Europe at the end of the history in the face of the ambitions of the United States and China. This first quarter of the 21st century has been marked by a spectacular drop in the European economy and even more so in the French economy. Since 2002, the US GDP has grown twice as fast as the European GDP. And this slide continues regardless of the elements of analysis used, productivity, R&D, investment, employment rate, trade balance, training, etc. France has even fallen behind on its own continent compared to its neighbors. The irresistible French de-industrialization has not been offset by the development of a significant technological sector, the debt and the trade deficit are abyssal, the quality of public services is deteriorating despite an ever-increasing budget deficit, and finally, the wealth per capita is 15% lower than that of Germany. Europe is at odds with Schumpeter and is paying a high price for its risk aversion. 54% of American R&D is devoted to new technologies compared to 15% in Europe, which prefers to continue investing in its old industry. Nine of the top ten European capitalizations are in traditional sectors, while nine out of ten of the American ones are related to technology and AI. The major asset of the American model lies in an ecosystem favorable to innovation and investment, which contrasts with the European model, hampered by a restrictive fiscal, legislative and regulatory frameworks. It could be summarized in a slogan: the taste for risk versus the “precautionary principle”. But this very “business friendly” American model hides weaknesses. Inequalities and impoverishment continue to grow, the exorbitant cost of care is a factor of indebtedness, and the financial situation of the Federal State, despite or because of the dollar, is catastrophic. While Donald Trump has promised the Americans to return to the golden age of the McKinley period, will a weakened and demoralized Europe be able to react? To do so, it will have to get out of the trap of weak growth, regain its dynamism, and defend its positions in the global struggle. The authors make concrete proposals at both the national and European levels. The urgent needs of French reforms are known, as well as the solutions. Choices will be imposed on us if we want to perpetuate our social model. But above all, we must find consent and active involvement in a context where exasperation, deadly dialectics, and mistrust of our leaders prevent all necessary reforms implementation and fuel the ineffectiveness of democratic models. Patrick Artus is an economic advisor to Ossiam and a member of the Cercle des économistes. Marie-Paule Virard is an economic journalist Ph Alezard

“In life, there is nothing to fear, but everything to understand” (Marie Curie) The issue of climate concern, an emotional and anxiety-provoking matter, is nothing new! For these reasons, it requires greater clarity and the expression of arguments that are not based exclusively on linear extrapolations. Indeed, the IPCC report of March 2023, which predicts a global cataclysm, is considered by the author to be binary, political and overly alarmist. Its ambitions confront us with an extremely urgent problem in terms of decarbonisation. France claims to be carbon-virtuous, emitting 1% of global CO2. However, we can see that the actions of nations are not synchronised. Based on this observation, physicist Daniel HUSSON enters this confrontation determined to separate fact from fiction. In 13 well-argued and insightful chapters, he presents the importance of returning to reason in order to moderate the fears that have been generated, by looking at things from a different perspective to understand the cyclical changes that explain the structure of movements and causes. He points out that the planet’s climate system is an oceanic mechanism, which explains both the stability of the atmosphere over a long period and the erratic oscillations in the oceans, i.e. climate variability. Because:  It is the ocean that dictates its law to the air. That’s how it is! It is established that climates have changed naturally and continuously since the beginning of time. Nature sets the laws, and humans are part of them. As long as the sun shines, the Earth’s axis remains tilted and the precession of the equinoxes continues, the Pole will remain a cold spot and the Equator a hot spot. This plea is like a blade ready to burst the bubbles that thrive here and there to make humans feel guilty at the expense of other justifications. Not giving in to sustained panic, playing things down, resorting to a plurality of viewpoints, putting things into perspective and setting the record straight: that is the stated aim of this informative book. . Daniel HUSSON is a physicist, teacher, researcher and trainer in physics since 1992. He teaches thermodynamics and Einstein’s theory of relativity at the University of Strasbourg. Author and co-author of more than seventy international scientific publications, he has also published Les Quarks, histoire d’une découverte  (Quarks: The Story of a Discovery) – (Ellipses). Book review by Freddi Godet des Marais – Club Turgot 2025

The author approaches the European subject by probing the opinions of his high school and college students. The students surveyed were from Seine-Saint-Denis, the 5th arrondissement of Paris, and Tolbiac University. Are young people passionate about the European project? Do they feel more European than French? Do they know the European institutions? Bagnolet high school students are mostly from immigrant backgrounds and live in difficult family circumstances (some parents are unemployed). They note that Europe may be a market offering opportunities. Given its presence in the media world, the European Central Bank (ECB) is perceived as a monetary regulation institution. However, the other European institutions are less well known: the Parliament, the Commission, the Council. The Schengen area is highlighted for the convenience of traveling in Europe. It should be noted that all they have known is the euro,. Preparatory classes students (Paris 5th and 16th arrondissement) are of different sociological origins (more affluent social background), they adhere to the idea of a Europe that facilitates trade between its members. The approach of Tolbiac Univeristy students is a little different: they know better the various workings of the institution. Like their prep colleagues, they recognize the importance of the role played by the European Central Bank (ECB). They also note the importance of collective action during the financial crises and the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, no group of students mentioned the idea of a “Frexit”. It should first be noted that students see the practical side of Europe because of the existence of the Erasmus program: it is a way to open up to other horizons and other cultures and makes them aware of their belonging to Europe. It was created in 1987. These young people were born after the creation of Europe and the euro: it would not occur to them to question it. One particular point brings negative remarks: the social aspect. Indeed, because of the commercial competition between members, employees earning minimum wage may find themselves unemployed. Some industries are relocated to lower wages countries . This book brings us closer to the concerns of these young people: we must listen to them and enlighten them on the path of Europe They will be the ones driving future European progress. Frédéric FARAH is a professor of economic and social sciences, a professor in preparatory classes and at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne. Renzo Borsato