On November 4, 2025, J-J.Pluchart was invited by the ADAE to present an analysis of the current challenges of AI for the French society and companies. The conference successively addressed the genealogy of AI (particularly generative AI), its functionalities, its applications, and the issues raised by its development. These issues are geostrategic in nature (independence at each link in the AI value chain, cybersecurity, etc.), economic (the contribution of AI to productivity and growth), energy-related (the impact of data centers on GHG emissions),  financial (the financing of investments in AI R&D, the profitability of general AI models, the AI “stock market bubble”), human (the destruction and transformation of jobs), competitive (the dominant positions and cooperation agreements of GAFAM) and ethical (algorithmic bias and codes of ethics).

The conference also addressed general and specific biases in AI models. The former can be broken down into technical and psychological biases (perceptual, emotional, and cognitive). The latter cover biases in generative AI (related in particular to the heterogeneity of the languages processed and their implicit nature, etc.). Deliberate biases (simulations, manipulations, falsifications, intrusions) were then analyzed. American, Chinese, and European AI codes of ethics were compared. The presentation concluded with a discussion of the strategies to be implemented in the various functions of the company—particularly senior management—in order to transform AI into a competitive advantage.

The conference was illustrated with numerous examples and references to the main works and reports chronicled on clubturgot.com and analyzed in the last book of the Turgot club: New reflections on the wealth of nations. The lessons of Turgot and Smith.